This app makes me translate anywhere, from Mac, iPhone, iPad, easy to use. By Justin Formosa v6.2.1 United States 4 months ago. Mate: Universal Tab Translator. Twopeople Software. Translate Share. Monitor and reply to app reviews. 2.1.6 - Fix can't choose custom ttf/mtz 2.1.5 - Fix cannot install font pack apks on android10 - Fix more bugs 2.1.4 - Fixing a Zip Path Traversal Vulnerability - Update Oppo & Vivo 2.1.3 - Added search fuction - Remove rewarded ads 2.1.2 - Support Samsung Kitkat and below. The best translator I've ever had. By mebeekay v6.2.1 Russia 3 months ago. Mate: Universal Tab Translator. MLB playoffs Day 1 as it happened: Astros hand Twins their 17th consecutive postseason loss USA TODAY SPORTS Jay Johnstone, longtime major leaguer. MRNA has codons, tRNA has an anticodon; Starting with mRNA in cytoplasm, describe how translation leads to the production of a polypeptide. Do not include descriptions of transition and splicing in your answer.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a milestone document in the history of human rights. Drafted by representatives with different legal and cultural backgrounds from all regions of the world, the Declaration was proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in Paris on 10 December 1948 (General Assembly resolution 217 A) as a common standard of achievements for all peoples and all nations. It sets out, for the first time, fundamental human rights to be universally protected and it has been translated into over 500 languages.
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Preamble
Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,
Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people,
Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law,
Whereas it is essential to promote the development of friendly relations between nations,
Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charter reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,
Whereas Member States have pledged themselves to achieve, in co-operation with the United Nations, the promotion of universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms,
Whereas a common understanding of these rights and freedoms is of the greatest importance for the full realization of this pledge,
Now, Therefore THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY proclaims THIS UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction.
Article 1.
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Article 2.
Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty.
Article 3.
Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.
Article 4.
No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.
Article 5.
No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Ia writer 3 0 3 download free.
Article 6.
Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.
Article 7.
All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.
Article 8.
Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law.
Article 9.
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.
Article 10.
Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him.
Article 11.
(1) Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence. (2) No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed.
Article 12.
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.
Article 13.
(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state. (2) Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country.
Article 14.
(1) Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution. (2) This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.
Article 15.
(1) Everyone has the right to a nationality. (2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality.
Article 16.
(1) Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution. (2) Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses. (3) The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State.
Article 17.
(1) Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others. (2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.
Article 18.
Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.
Article 19.
Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.
Article 20.
(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association. (2) No one may be compelled to belong to an association.
Article 21.
(1) Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives. (2) Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his country. (3) The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures.
Article 22.
Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality.
Article 23.
(1) Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment. (2) Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work. (3) Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection. (4) Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests.
Article 24.
Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay.
Article 25.
(1) Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control. (2) Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection.
Article 26.
(1) Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit. (2) Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace. (3) Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children.
Article 27.
(1) Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits. (2) Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.
Article 28.
Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized.
Article 29.
(1) Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his personality is possible. (2) In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society. (3) These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.
Article 30.
Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein.
#RightsOutLoud
Illustrated Version
History of the Document
The Drafting Committee
Women who shaped the Universal Declaration
Human Rights Law
Audio
'The Declaration' (1948)
The Genetic Code
How do 64 different codons produce 20 different amino acids?
The start codon is AUG. Methionine is the only amino acid specified by just one codon, AUG.
The stop codons are UAA, UAG, and UGA. They encode no amino acid.The ribosome pauses and falls off the mRNA.
The stretch of codons between AUG and a stop codon is called an open reading frame (ORF). Computer analysis of DNA sequence can predict the existence of genes based on ORFs.
Other amino acids are specified by more than one codon--usually differing at only the third position.
The'Wobble Hypothesis,'discovered by Frances Crick, states that rules of base pairing are relaxed at the third position, so that a base can pair with more than one complementary base. Some tRNA anticodons have Inosine at the third position. Inosine can pair with U, C, or A. This means that we don't need 61 different tRNA molecules, only half as many.
Evolution of the Code Did codons evolve to correspond to particular amino acids based on chemistry, or did the code evolve at random? The code evolved at random, in that there is no direct chemical connection between, say, GGG and Glycine. BUT--the code appears to have evolved along certain lines for logical reasons. The two most 'fundamental' amino acids are Gly and Ala, in biochemical pathways and in natural occurence in prebiotic systems. Both are specified by G/C pairing at the first two positions--the strongest possible interaction. Early life, under high-heat conditions, would have needed extra strong codon-anticodon pairing. The first code may even have been a two-base code. For more evidence and speculation on this topic, see http://www.evolvingcode.net/.
Protein translation
Translation involves the conversion of a four base code (ATCG) into twenty different amino acids. A codon or triplet of bases specifies a given amino acid. Most amino acids are specified by more than one codon.
The conversion of codon information into proteins is conducted by transfer RNA. Each transfer RNA (tRNA) has an anticodon which can base pair with a codon. Some anti-codons have modified bases that can pair with more than one codon, specifying the same amino acid; this means that we don't need 61 different tRNA molecules for all 61 codons. (What do the other three codons specify?)
The structure of transfer RNA (tRNA):
Structure of tRNA Transfer RNA (tRNA) has the following structure:
3'OH end esterifies with COOH of amino acid:
R O R O H2N--C--C--OH + HO--tRNA --> H2N--C--C--O--tRNA + H2O
This process, called charging, is catalyzed by a tRNA transferase, or aminoacyl tRNA synthetase, specific to the tRNA type. There are one or more tRNA types, specified by different genes, for EACH amino acid.
Anticodon loop, capable of complementary base pairing to a codon on the message. May contain the unusual base inosine, which is capable of binding to more than one base. The 'wobble hypothesis,' by Frances Crick in the '60s, first showed how inosine could enable one tRNA to recognize more than one codon. Otherwise, the cell would need more than 60 different tRNAs.
Ribosome binding and tRNA transferase recognition.
Tutorial by Kenyon student on Serine-tRNA
Translation of mRNA into polypeptide
Translation requires initiation, elongation, andtermination. Translation is performed by the ribosome, an organelle composed of more than fifty different proteins plus two structural rRNAs, each part of the 30s subunit or the 70s subunit. The 's' is a unit of sedimentation, referring to how fast a particle settles out during centrifugation.
Note that this entire process requires tRNAs continually being charged with their respective amino acids, by tRNA transferase enzymes.
(1) Initiation occurs by binding of the 30s subunit to the mRNA. In bacteria, the mRNA binds by hybridization of a special sequence to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence of the 16s rRNA, part of the 30s subunit. The ribosome then finds the first AUG sequence on the mRNA, where it binds the anti-codon of a Met-tRNA, at the P site.Todoey a cloud synced menubar checklist manager 1 1 10.
(2) Elongation occurs by successive amidation of the nascent (growing) chain. The 50s subunit now binds, creating the A site. Each new aminoacyl-tRNA enters at the A site, where it transfers the amino end of its amino acid to the carboxylic end of the nascent chain. The entire ribosome now 'translates' over one codon position, so that the nascent chain is now bound to the P site. Elongation requires energy provided by GTP.
(3) Termination occurs when the A site reaches a stop codon. Since no tRNA exists with an anticodon complementary to the stop codon, the ribosome 'pauses' until at last it 'falls off' the mRNA, and the polypeptide chain terminates.This process is facilitated by a release factor protein that binds into the ribosomal A site containing a stop codon to help with protein release.
the Griffiths et al, current edition Ribosome Model
Where does the mRNA come from? As soon as mRNA starts getting transcribed, ribosomes attach to translate:
In bacteria, nearly all translation occurs on growing mRNA still being transcribed.
In eukaryotes, 15% of translation occurs on growing mRNA. The purpose of translating incomplete RNA in the nucleus may be to eliminate errors that result in stop codons terminating the peptide. The remaining 85% of translation occurs after the mRNA is processed (see below) and exits the nucleus, into the cytoplasm.
Where does the growing peptide go?
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If the growing peptide is water-soluble, to function in the cytoplasm, it folds itself into its native comformation, with the help of chaperone proteins.
If the growing peptide is hydrophobic, to function in the membrane, its hydrophobic signal peptide attaches to the signal recognition particle (SRP). The SRP is composed of protein and RNA (like the ribosome). SRP carries the hydrophobic peptide, with its ribosome, to the face of a membrane for insertion:
In bacteria, the signal peptide is inserted in the plasma membrane.
In eukaryotes, the signal peptide goes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
Online practice problems: Try problems 9 - 15 of the Nucleic Acids Problem Setfrom the Biology Project at the University of Arizona. Energy considerations
Problem: DNA replication, RNA transcription, and protein translation take lots of energy. Why? Which processes take more energy than others?
Animation: Translation from U. Conn.
Eukaryotic transcription and splicing
In eukaryotes, production of mRNA is more complicated than in bacteria, because:
The initial RNA molecule is elongated by one of three different RNA polymerases
The initial RNA has to be spliced and processed
The completed mRNA has to exit the nucleus to be translated in the cytoplasm
Three RNA Polymerases in Eukaryotes A complication in eukaryotic transcription is the existence of three different RNA polymerases, which transcribe three different classes of genes. RNA pol II transcribes hnRNA (precursor to mRNA). RNA pol I and III transcribe functional RNAs such as rRNAs and tRNAs.
Splicing of hnRNA to make mRNA The first transcript of RNA from a eukaryotic gene is not yet ready for transcription. It is called hnRNA, for high-molecular-weight nuclear RNA. In order for the RNA to exit the nucleus, and for proteins to be translated by ribosomes in the cytoplasm, the following processing steps must first occur:
Capping of the 5' sequence with 5' methyl-7-guanidine (the 'm-7-G cap')
Addition of a run of adenine nucleotides to the 3' OH end (the 'poly-A tail')
Splicing out of the intron sequences
Interestingly, retroviruses such as HIV which use an RNA genome have a 'cap' and 'tail,' enabling them to mimic harmless messenger RNA.
The splicing of introns is a complex intramolecular reaction, mediated by an organelle composed of RNA and protein molecules, the spliceosome.The spliceosome catalyzes the reaction between a 2'OH of an Adenine, and the 5' phosphate end of the intron, creating a lariat loop. (Note: Only RNA has 2'OH to do this!) The lariat reaction produced a 3'OH on one exon, enabling to join the 5' phosphate of the joining exon.
The spliceosome is actually composed of several small nuclear riboprotein (RNA-protein) organelles, called snRNPs. To see how these snRNPs (labeled U1, U2 etc.) splice out the intron, view this animation.
Spliceosome -- Removal of an Intron. Click on each image.
Chuck Wilson's Bio115 class at UCSC
Why would cells have evolved to have introns, which seem wasteful of DNA an energy? Two kinds of reasons have been proposed:
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(1) Organisms first evolved with introns and other pieces of non-coding nucleic acid. As organisms evolved, the bacteria 'lost' the non-coding portions through rapid evolution. Eukaryotes however evolved more slowly and have not yet 'lost' these sequences.
(2) Non-coding DNA sequence serves functions for the cell. It may provide a structural function, a place for chromosome recombination to occur without jeopardizing the integrity of the coding sequences. It does provide a way for alternate splicing patterns in different tissues to produce slightly different versions of the same gene product. Thus, RNA splicing actually helps multicellular organisms to economize in their genomes.
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Alternative Splicing
from Adrian R. Krainer, Ph.D.
Alternative splicing of cardiac troponin T (cTNT) gene during development